Management of Business in an International Context - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2681 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction. Numerous companies have, in recent years, started to operate internationally, more than ever before. High levels of consumption, world-wide, and additional competition from new economies, have led companies to build an international presence, to be in a better position to fight competition by ensuring product availability in different markets; and to increase their production levels, in order to meet demand. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management of Business in an International Context" essay for you Create order The advent of globalisation has lowered international barriers even more, making the world one big market place. The development of internet has been crucial for globalisation, as it has provided companies with the opportunity to market their products and services in international markets, at lower costs; furthermore it has provided consumers with the possibility to research and compare various products, easily and quickly. Current market conditions have rendered trading activities more difficult to carry out. Nowadays, there are a number of factors that a company has to constantly consider and deal with, such as: High level of competition in both domestic and international markets. Tough market conditions, due to sluggish economy and a number of industries having reached the maturity stage in their lifecycle. And finally, more ‘choosy’ and powerful consumers. Operating in a global context is, therefore, proving to be increasingly challenging for companies. Even more so, when additional challenges stem from cultural diversity. The company operating globally has to face challenges relating to each individual local market, which include: different cultures; different languages and different ways of thinking. Consequently, companies need to set up strategies that will ensure sound cross-cultural management. Culture is defined as a system of values and beliefs pertaining to a certain group and it’s the very basic thing that multinational companies need to comprehend, in order to allow business to flourish in an international context. The MNC, which will be analysed in this paper, is the American multinational company, General Electric (GE). Company background – General Electric General Electric is a $152 billion, diversified company operating in many different areas, such as: financial services; technology; industri al (e.g. plastics; aircraft engines); medical equipment; electrical appliances and media (e.g. CNBC; Superchannel). GE has global operations in over 100 countries, employing more than 300,000 people and has consistently being voted ‘the most admired company in the world’.[1] It was Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the light bulb, to have founded General Electric. GE was formed following a merger between Edison General Electric Company and Thomson-Houston Electric Company. Some of the company’s product offer is still based on the original set-up: e.g. lighting and industrial products. General Electric has been managed by some of the world’s finest leaders, among which, Jack F. Welch. General Electric was one of the first companies to implement Six Sigma – the quality assessment program that originated from Motorola. It’s a system that helps measure the ‘defects’ in a process and subsequently, to build a solution in order to rec tify them. It is mainly customer-oriented. Most of GE employees are systematically trained on it and it’s one of the fundamental elements that characterise GE today. As General Electric claim, â€Å"today’s competitive environment leaves no room for error. We must delight our customers and relentlessly look for new ways to exceed their expectations.† In addition, GE employees all over the world work according to four basic company values, which are ‘imagine; solve; build and lead.’ It means that: 1.new ideas are fundamental to make the business prosper; 2.the Company is there to meet customers’ demands; 3.to keep growing is essential; 4.to maintain leadership in all markets. In every country GE operates these four values are scrupulously followed. General Electric is one of the first companies to have managed to develop a truly successful international and global workforce. Apart from GE’s basic four value and Six Sigma, General Electric is renowned for sound leadership and management, domestically and globally. These three elements constitute General Electric’s ‘commitment to excellence’. Cultural management The culture of an organisation describes how the organisation operates within its environment: what the organisations’ focus is; its structure; its values and how people run the company, basically its management style. Culture was defined previously, as being a system of values and beliefs. Therefore, culture management encompasses all of the organisation’s values; beliefs; processes and people. An organisation will tend to develop various cultural systems but eventually a predominant culture will be developed (Gray and Densten, 2005) Quinn and Rohrbough devised a method or framework that allows to assess and define types of organisational cultures. This methodology is called ‘Competing Values Framework’. Gray and Densten write that â€Å"the Com peting Values Framework clarifies the complex nature of organisational culture according to two dimensions: internal / external focus; stability / flexibility structure†. The Competing Values Framework can be described as follows (please refer to appendix 1): the framework is divided into four quadrants, each identifying a specific cultural model and management style. The two bipolar dimensions are plotted on the graph: internal versus external; flexibility versus stability and control. The internal and external dimensions define the organisation’s focus: its people (internal) and the organisation (external) and their respective function and development. The second dimension, instead, represents the structure of the organisation: flexible or stable. The four cultural management models represented on each of the quadrants are as follows: The Human Relations Model: a firm operating at this level tends toward flexibility; its focus is mostly ‘internal;’ – employee-oriented. Human resources development; high levels of ‘morale and cohesion’ and playing a role in the decision-making process are important at this level. Another model represented by the framework is the ‘Open System Model’. This model focuses greatly on the organisation itself. Its focus is external and it’s represented by a flexible structure. It’s a dynamic type of culture whereby ‘readiness’; growth and innovation are emphasized. On the third quadrant, we find the ‘Rational Goal Model’. In this model, proper strategic planning and clear goals are important. It has an external focus and tends toward a more stable structure. Productivity; efficiency and competition are the main drivers in this type of organisational culture. The last cultural management model is called ‘Internal Process Model’. It is evident that this model presents an internal focus and, stability and control form its structure. Emphasis is on information and communication. GE’ culture tends to fluctuate between the two top quadrants, indicating a major (internal) focus on employee’s development and organisational flexibility – despite its dimensions! Generally, firms adopt mainly (but not exclusively) one of these four culture systems. General Electric’s culture management. As described above, General Electric is present allover the world; it operates over a hundred of businesses in various segments. It’s this diversity within the company that gives GE its strength. During the past few years, GE has learned (and still learns) considerably from its ‘diversity’. The idea of learning is pivotal to GE’s culture, since the 1980s. It was with CEO Jack F. Welch’s extraordinary sense of leadership that major changes took place, within the organisation. This desires for knowledge and ideas, led people of various functions to sit together in a ‘Work-Out session’. During a work-out , a particular problem is discussed; there’s a lot of brainstorming taking place until a solution is found, and it’s quickly implemented. Since then, one of GE’s sayings is, â€Å"there are no problems, only challenges and opportunities’. GE is a ‘Boundaryless Learning Culture. This learning taking place across GE’s operating units, is what GE defines as ‘horizontal learning’. One of GE’s priorities is to train its people, in order to equip them with the right knowledge and tools necessary to take the business forward in today’s tough environment. Developing a multicultural workforce As a result of globalisation and increased labour mobility, during the past few years, companies have become more open to learn about ‘cultural differences’ that are bound to exist between parties from different backgrounds. Cultural differences can exist even between two merging companies, for instance, from the same country. One of the most common mistakes that companies have made (and still are, to some extent) is to ‘believe’ that one’s culture – hence values and beliefs can be simply transferred. Costly errors have, time and time again, proved them wrong. This is what, in many case, happened to some American companies that approached Europe, thinking that it’s one big market, like theirs. However, once these companies arrived in Europe, realized that different languages are spoken; that mentalities tend to be very different; and each European country has its customs and traditions. As a consequence, the way of conducting business differs greatly, too. Fortunately, in the past few years, some progress has been made and people, in general, seem to be more aware and understanding of cultural diversity. When developing a multicultural workplace, the following should be considered: -the team members’ multicultural background, their values and beliefs. -language skills versus language barriers -staff training, to fill any knowledge gaps -team member’s attitude toward working in a multicultural environment. Concerning the latter, each individual team member has to possess a certain openness about working with people from different backgrounds – considering all the misunderstandings that could arise, due to â€Å"miscommunication. Dr. Skiffington describes intercultural conflict as, â€Å"the perceived or actual incompatibility of values; norms; processes and goals between two or more parties.† Therefore, it is of fundamental importance that employees are aware of cultural differences to be able to deal with conflict, in a more effective manner. Another issue that needs to be addressed, when setting up a multicultural workplace, is the various spoken languages. Of course, companies operating in different countries adopt ‘English’ (Internally), as the main business langu age. However, the company needs to think about producing material in the local language, for potential customers e.g. brochures; presentations etc.. Some companies have also had material available to their employees, in their mother tongue. However, it has been proven that it’s not really necessary for two main reasons: 1-it might be difficult to make an exact translation in every language, causing misunderstandings; 2-it’s a cumbersome process and costly exercise to appoint a team to take care of translations, either internally or externally. One important factor is the organisation’s ability to clearly transmit its cultural values, that will be adapted to the local needs. General Electric’s four basic values are thoroughly taught to employs around the world. GE has determined that each business must be either number 1 or number 2in each market place.[2] This belief coupled with the four values is what every national team has to concentrate on. In this context, GE’s informal culture, as described by J. Welch, has created an environment, where each team member is free to put a new idea forward; to make suggestion. Everybody’s opinion counts. AS Welch states, â€Å"That’s the value of informal culture of GE – a culture that breeds an endless search for idea that stand or fall on their merits, rather than on the rank of their originator†. This is indeed in line with GE’s central concept of ‘learning’. In fact, Welch established a learning centre, where GE employees meet to discuss and solve problems from businesses around the world. Managing diversity in a global context. The ability of a company to manage its cross-cultural environment will determine, to a certain extent, whether the company will be able to, finally, succeed in its global operations. The element of culture is a very important factor, to learn about and manage accordingly. Cultural differences can e asily create unnecessary problems between two individuals and it’s only by getting to know those differences that issues can be solved. It follows that, the company that is aware of the cultural aspects of society, and how individuals within that society function, is most likely to succeed. This is a very challenging task and today, a new characteristic a leader should have is the ability to understand and manage diversity. Diversity is defined by Kotelnikov (2001) as follows: â€Å"Diversity describes a workplace that includes: -people from various backgrounds and culture and/or -diverse businesses†. Consultant Tulenko writes[3] that, in order for a manager to be in a position to adequately lead a multicultural team, he/she needs to be aware of those cultural differences. Therefore, he suggests the following steps in order to help the manager get to know his/her people: Step 1 – identify diversity; collect data about the workforce Step 2 â €“ Discover the norms; detailed information on employees’ culture Step 3 – Discover differences Step 4 – develop a plan; a plan to visit offices abroad Some people will argue that diversity can give a new boost to the business because it will combine ideas stemming from different mentalities, consequently injecting new and fresh ideas and insights into the business. Stevens writes that, â€Å"an important widely overlooked principle of business success is that integrating opposites, as opposed to identifying them as inconsistencies and driving them out, unleashes power†. To help people from different backgrounds work together and to create and environment in which they will prosper, it’s important to treat people fairly, to accept cultural differences and to value each individual based on his/her performance.[4] As previously mentioned, General Electric is a perfect example of how it has managed its diversity. GE uses its diversity to learn from it and it encourages employees, allover the world, to actively make suggestions. Everybody feels they can contribute to the company’s success and growth. It was J. Welch’s belief to ‘make everybody a participant†.[5] GE says, â€Å"it is very important for the company of the future to have a contemporary workforce that’s more diverse, more global and has more areas of personal productivity and flexibility. So that people can perform and have more choices at the same time†. GE’s management view incorporates the following aspects: -appointing a top management team, that will run the business in an entrepreneurial style, while freeing the business from beaurocracy and improve communication.[6] Conclusion Managing a business in an international context is becoming increasingly difficult. Companies have to act fast if they want to grow and/or retain their market positions. The ‘global market place’ has charged the organisation with an extra task: to identify and understand cultural differences. The workforce is getting more and more international, consequently, cross-cultural management is an essential part of the organisation’s strategic plan – if they want to succeed in today’s competitive environment. General Electric serves as a good example of a company that it’s so diverse in its nature, in terms of business segments and diverse, culturally. Yet, it has shown that diversity doesn’t have to be an obstacle to organisational success but it can be integrated across all processes and benefit from it. Bibliography 1.Cushner K.; Brislin R.W.; 1996. Intercultural interactions: a practical guide. Published Thousand Oaks: Sage 2.Taylor C. Jr; 2001. Creating the multicultural organisation: a strategy for capturing the power of diversity. Published San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 3.de Vries T.; 1998. Dynamics and modernisation: European-Amer ican comparisons and perceptions. Published Amsterdam: VU University Press Reports: 4.Gray J.H.; Densten I.L.; 2005. Towards an integral model of an organizational culture and knowledge management. The International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, Volume 9(2), 594-603 5.Prof. Petter R.; 2005. Cross-cultural management in shipping: some challenges and experiences. Amdam. 6.Kotelnikov V. Case study: General Electric (GE). Creating an extraordinary organisation. www.1000venture.com 7. Kotelnikov V. Harnessing the power of diversity. Leveraging the power of integrated opposites. www.1000venture.com 8. GE. Horizontal learning. www.ge.com 9. Welch J.F.; 2000. Letter to share owners. GE 2000 Annual Report 10.Dr. Skiffington. 2005. Cross cultural coaching. www.1to1-coaching,com 11.Managing a multicultural workforce. www.worldroom.com 12.www.ge.com Appendix 1. The Competing Values Framework (Quinn and Rohrbough’s model) Human Relations Open System Internal Process Rational Goals Source: Report – Towards an integrative model of organisational culture and knowledge management (2005) [1] Source: www.ge.com [2] Source: www.ge.com [3] Source: www.worldroom.com [4] Source: Case study: GE and diversity. www.1000ventures.com [5] Source: Case study: General Electric (GE): creating an extraordinary organisation. www.1000ventures.com [6] Source: As above

Health, Illness And Wellness - 2522 Words

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Hrm 352 Free Essays

string(431) " allows for the maximum number of employees to by handled by the minimum number of instructors Answer Selected Answer: classroom instruction Question 7 1 out of 1 points A control group: Answer Selected Answer: helps determine whether improvements were made as the result of training or some other factor Question 8 1 out of 1 points This training method consists of having the trainee assume the attitudes and behavior of others\." Question 1 0 out of 1 points Computer-based training and E-learning provide all the following benefits except: Answer Selected Answer: they can be more cost effective Question 2 1 out of 1 points When we learn by watching others perform a task, this is known as: Answer Selected Answer: modeling Question 3 1 out of 1 points _________ refers to the effective application of principles learned to what is required on the job. Answer Selected Answer: transfer of training Question 4 0 out of 1 points The method of providing a variety of work experiences to broaden the knowledge and understanding required to manage more effectively is known as: Answer Selected Answer: individual development. Question 5 1 out of 1 points The most common method used for training non-managerial employees is: Answer Selected Answer: on-the-job training Question 6 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT a benefit of orientation programs? Answer Selected Answer: more comprehensive task analysis Question 7 1 out of 1 points The method of training used to train personnel to operate aircraft, spacecraft, and other highly technical and expensive equipment is the: Answer Selected Answer: simulation method. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm 352 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Question 8 1 out of 1 points A manager who provides a continuing flow of instructions, comments, and suggestions to the subordinate is engaging in what type of on-thejob training? Answer Selected Answer: coaching Question 9 1 out of 1 points The primary reason organizations train new employees is to: Answer Selected Answer: increase their knowledge, skill, and ability level. Question 10 0 out of 1 points Apprenticeship training provides information in both the ________ and ________ aspects of the job. Answer Selected Answer: appraisal and technical Question 1 1 out of 1 points When we learn by watching others perform a task, this is known as: Answer Selected Answer: modeling Question 2 1 out of 1 points _________ refers to the effective application of principles learned to what is required on the job. Answer Selected Answer: transfer of training Question 3 0 out of 1 points Common drawbacks to on-the-job training include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: the absence of well-defined job performance criteria. Question 4 1 out of 1 points The method of training used to train personnel to operate aircraft, spacecraft, and other highly technical and expensive equipment is the: Answer Selected Answer: simulation method. Question 5 1 out of 1 points Apprenticeship training provides information in both the ________ and ________ aspects of the job. Answer Selected Answer: practical and theoretical Question 6 1 out of 1 points The primary reason organizations train new employees is to: Answer Selected Answer: increase their knowledge, skill, and ability level. Question 7 1 out of 1 points Learning curves show: Answer Selected Answer: that performance plateaus are natural and are usually followed by spontaneous recovery Question 8 1 out of 1 points To implement a successful diversity training program, managers should do all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: rely upon existing training programs that have worked for other companies. Question 9 0 out of 1 points A control group: Answer Selected Answer: establish the baseline standard against which training effectiveness can be measured Question 10 1 out of 1 points Computer-based training and E-learning provide all the following benefits except: Answer Selected Answer: hey replace conventional learning experiences Sunday, November 18, 2012 8:37:25 AM CST Question 1 1 out of 1 points Which type of training allows students to get real-world experience in organizations while still receiving college credit? Answer Selected Answer: internships Question 2 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT a benefit of orientation programs? Answer Selected Answer: more comprehensive task analysis Question 3 1 out of 1 points The four phases of a systems approach to training are: Answer Selected Answer: needs assessment, program design, program implementation, and evaluation. Question 4 1 out of 1 points A manager who provides a continuing flow of instructions, comments, and suggestions to the subordinate is engaging in what type of on-thejob training? Answer Selected Answer: coaching Question 5 0 out of 1 points The four step process advocated in benchmarking includes: Answer Selected Answer: plan, train, perform, evaluate Question 6 1 out of 1 points Computer-based training and E-learning provide all the following benefits except: Answer Selected Answer: they replace conventional learning experiences Question 7 1 out of 1 points Goal setting: Answer Selected Answer: sets a road map for the training course, objectives, and learning points Question 8 1 out of 1 points All of the following are characteristics of successful trainers except: Answer Selected Answer: being experimental. Question 9 0 out of 1 points Determining whether or not performance is acceptable and studying the characteristics of individuals and groups that will be placed in the training environment are known as: Answer Selected Answer: group and individual analysis. Question 10 1 out of 1 points The primary reason organizations train new employees is to: Answer Selected Answer: increase their knowledge, skill, and ability level. Question 1 1 out of 1 points The most common method used for training non-managerial employees is: Answer Selected Answer: on-the-job training Question 2 1 out of 1 points The four step process advocated in benchmarking includes: Answer Selected Answer: plan, do, check, act Question 3 0 out of 1 points Common drawbacks to on-the-job training include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: poor training skills of supervisors. Question 4 1 out of 1 points A manager who provides a continuing flow of instructions, comments, and suggestions to the subordinate is engaging in what type of on-thejob training? Answer Selected Answer: coaching Question 5 out of 1 points The principle of learning that is being emphasized by performing the same task over and over is: Answer Selected Answer: practice and repetition. Question 6 1 out of 1 points ___________ training allows for the maximum number of employees to by handled by the minimum number of instructors Answer Selected Answer: classroom instruction Question 7 1 out of 1 points A control group: Answer Selected Answer: helps determine whether improvements were made as the result of training or some other factor Question 8 1 out of 1 points This training method consists of having the trainee assume the attitudes and behavior of others. Answer Selected Answer: role playing Question 9 0 out of 1 points The desired outcomes of training programs are formally stated as: Answer Selected Answer: learning objectives. Question 10 1 out of 1 points Periods in learning situations when progress does not occur because of either reduced motivation or ineffective methods of task performance are called: Answer Selected Answer: plateaus. Sunday, November 18, 2012 8:43:30 AM CST Question 1 0 out of 1 points Work-related sources of conflict include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: the frequency of overtime. Question 2 0 out of 1 points The placement of an employee in another job for which the duties, responsibilities, status, and remuneration are approximately equal to those of the previous job is known as a: Answer Selected Answer: lateral move. Question 3 0 out of 1 points HR’s role in gauging employee potential for career development includes all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: establish succession plans Question 4 0 out of 1 points An informal network of interpersonal relationships that has traditionally provided a means for senior members of the organization to pass along career tips to junior members is: Answer Selected Answer: the career network. Question 5 0 out of 1 points The usual targets of assessment centers are: Answer Selected Answer: positions in service industries. Question 6 0 out of 1 points A program that provides for a relatively rapid progression through a number of managerial positions is known as a: Answer Selected Answer: management development program. Question 7 0 out of 1 points Career development programs benefit organizations in all of the following ways except: Answer Selected Answer: giving an increased understanding of the organization. Question 8 1 out of 1 points The lines of advancement for an individual within an organization are known as: Answer Selected Answer: career paths. Question 9 1 out of 1 points Services provided to terminated employees to help them find new jobs are referred to as: Answer Selected Answer: outplacement services. Question 10 0 out of 1 points Under a good mentor, learning focuses on all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: goals. Question 1 0 out of 1 points An informal network of interpersonal relationships that has traditionally provided a means for senior members of the organization to pass along career tips to junior members is: Answer Selected Answer: a mentoring network. Question 2 1 out of 1 points In making a career choice, one should probably: Answer Selected Answer: all of the above Question 3 1 out of 1 points Services that are offered to employees who are being transferred to different locations are known as: Answer Selected Answer: relocation services. Question 4 0 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT a popular method that managers use to help employees identify their potential and the strength of their interests? Answer Selected Answer: informal counseling Question 5 1 out of 1 points The three principal criteria for determining promotions are: Answer Selected Answer: merit, seniority, and potential. Question 6 0 out of 1 points Work-related sources of conflict include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: number of hours worked each week. Question 7 1 out of 1 points HR’s role in gauging employee potential for career development includes all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: create employee’s promotion plan Question 8 0 out of 1 points The usual targets of assessment centers are: Answer Selected Answer: nonmanagement positions. Question 9 0 out of 1 points While a career development program requires special processes and techniques, a basic requirement is: Answer Selected Answer: a promotion policy. Question 10 1 out of 1 points For what reason should a person seeking a mentor research the potential mentor’s background? Answer Selected Answer: so that it will be easier for both of you to establish a relationship Sunday, November 18, 2012 8:50:37 AM CST Question 1 0 out of 1 points The career stage one would typically be in during his or her early 20s would be: Answer Selected Answer: pre-career. Question 2 1 out of 1 points Employability refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the skills and support needed to find a job Question 3 1 out of 1 points Services provided to terminated employees to help them find new jobs are referred to as: Answer Selected Answer: outplacement services. Question 4 1 out of 1 points The advancement of women in management: Answer Selected Answer: is likely to be helped by the advancement of younger men because of their more progressive attitudes toward women. Question 5 1 out of 1 points While a career development program requires special processes and techniques, a basic requirement is: Answer Selected Answer: management support. Question 6 1 out of 1 points The usual targets of assessment centers are: Answer Selected Answer: management positions. Question 7 1 out of 1 points For what reason should a person seeking a mentor research the potential mentor’s background? Answer Selected Answer: so that it will be easier for both of you to establish a relationship Question 8 1 out of 1 points The placement of an employee in another job for which the duties, responsibilities, status, and remuneration are approximately equal to those of the previous job is known as a: Answer Selected Answer: transfer. Question 9 1 out of 1 points Services that are offered to employees who are being transferred to different locations are known as: Answer Selected Answer: relocation services. Question 10 0 out of 1 points Work-related sources of conflict include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: irregularity in working hours. Sunday, November 18, 2012 8:53:32 AM CST Question 1 1 out of 1 points Employability refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the skills and support needed to find a job Question 2 0 out of 1 points The career stage one would typically be in during his or her early 20s would be: Answer Selected Answer: early career. Question 3 out of 1 points Over the past decade, the percentage of women in all management positions has increased to slightly over ____________ percent. Answer Selected Answer: 35 Question 4 1 out of 1 points The usual targets of assessment centers are: Answer Selected Answer: management positions. Question 5 0 out of 1 points Career development programs benefit organizations in all of the following ways except: Answer Selected Answer: providing greater retention of valued employees. Question 6 1 out of 1 points Outplacement services are: Answer Selected Answer: designed to help terminated employees find a job elsewhere. Question 7 0 out of 1 points A program that provides for a relatively rapid progression through a number of managerial positions is known as a: Answer Selected Answer: career advancement program. Question 8 1 out of 1 points While a career development program requires special processes and techniques, a basic requirement is: Answer Selected Answer: management support. Question 9 0 out of 1 points Under a good mentor, learning focuses on all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: opportunities. Question 10 1 out of 1 points In making a career choice, one should probably: Answer Selected Answer: all of the above Question 1 1 out of 1 points The choice of an appraisal method should be largely based on: Answer Selected Answer: the purpose of the appraisal. Question 2 1 out of 1 points Appraisal training for raters should focus on: Answer Selected Answer: eliminating subjective errors Question 3 1 out of 1 points As an appraiser, you should try to do all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: change the person, not the behavior. Question 4 0 out of 1 points Freedom from criterion deficiency of performance appraisals refers to the extent to which: Answer Selected Answer: ndividuals tend to maintain a certain level of performance over time. Question 5 0 out of 1 points Time consuming to develop and use, but have less subjectivity and more acceptance characterize which type of appraisal method? Answer Selected Answer: behavioral method Question 6 1 out of 1 points The strategic relevance of performance appraisals refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the extent to which standards relate to the overall objectives of the organization. Question 7 0 out of 1 points When the manager and the employee jointly establish future performance goals for each employee, which appraisal source is useful? Answer Selected Answer: team appraisal Question 8 0 out of 1 points Administrative purposes of performance appraisal include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: documenting personnel decisions Question 9 0 out of 1 points Which of the following appraisal methods helps guard against recency error? Answer Selected Answer: mixed-standard scale Question 10 1 out of 1 points Self-appraisals are best for: Answer Selected Answer: developmental purposes. Question 1 1 out of 1 points If a performance standard is found to be stable or consistent over time, it is said to be: Answer Selected Answer: reliable. Question 2 0 out of 1 points Time consuming to develop and use, but have less subjectivity and more acceptance characterize which type of appraisal method? Answer Selected Answer: trait method Question 3 1 out of 1 points The choice of an appraisal method should be largely based on: Answer Selected Answer: the purpose of the appraisal. Question 4 1 out of 1 points TQM and team appraisal are complementary because: Answer Selected Answer: both focus on performance as a whole, rather than on the individual Question 5 0 out of 1 points Administrative purposes of performance appraisal include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: determining promotion candidates Question 6 0 out of 1 points Freedom from criterion deficiency of performance appraisals refers to the extent to which: Answer Selected Answer: factors outside the employee’s control can influence performance. Question 7 0 out of 1 points Total-quality management concerns have led to the increased use of: Answer Selected Answer: team and peer performance appraisals. Question 8 1 out of 1 points If you rate an average employee’s performance high because you compared the employee to poor performers, you are committing a: Answer Selected Answer: ontrast error. Question 9 1 out of 1 points Which of the following appraisal methods helps guard against recency error? Answer Selected Answer: critical incident Question 10 0 out of 1 points High potential for rating errors, but inexpensive to develop and use characterize which type of appraisal method? Answer Selected Answer: behavioral method Question 1 0 out of 1 points Which method of performance appraisal requires managers to place a certain percentage of employees into various performance categories? Answer Selected Answer: percent method Question 2 0 out of 1 points The appraisal system based on the concept that learning helps organizations improve their internal processes and allows individuals to see how their performance ties in with the firm is: Answer Selected Answer: management by objectives Question 3 0 out of 1 points Requirements for successful MBO programs include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: goal statements must be accompanied by descriptions of how they will be accomplished. Question 4 1 out of 1 points Total-quality management concerns have led to the increased use of: Answer Selected Answer: team and customer performance appraisals. Question 5 out of 1 points If you rate an average employee’s performance high because you compared the employee to poor performers, you are committing a: Answer Selected Answer: contrast error. Question 6 1 out of 1 points The choice of an appraisal method should be largely based on: Answer Selected Answer: the purpose of the appraisal. Question 7 1 out of 1 points Self-appraisals are best for: Answer Selected Answer: developmental purposes. Question 8 1 out of 1 points In most instances, who is in the best position to perform the function of appraising an employee’s performance? Answer Selected Answer: the employee’s supervisor Question 9 1 out of 1 points The strategic relevance of performance appraisals refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the extent to which standards relate to the overall objectives of the organization. Question 10 1 out of 1 points Disadvantages of the essay method include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: it must follow a jobspecific format. Sunday, November 18, 2012 9:06:30 AM CST Question 1 1 out of 1 points If the performance evaluations that salespeople receive are based solely on sales revenue to the exclusion of other important factors, the instrument suffers from: Answer Selected Answer: riterion deficiency. Question 2 0 out of 1 points If the performance evaluations that delivery drivers receive are partially influenced by the fact that some drivers operate in areas where there are major traffic problems while others operate in areas with few traffic problems, the instrument suffers from: Answer Selected Answer: rater bias. Question 3 1 out of 1 points Administrative purposes of performance appraisal include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: providing performance feedback Question 4 1 out of 1 points Which of the following appraisal methods helps guard against recency error? Answer Selected Answer: critical incident Question 5 1 out of 1 points As an appraiser, you should try to do all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: change the person, not the behavior. Question 6 0 out of 1 points A performance-rating error in which the appraiser tends to give employees either unusually high or unusually low ratings is referred to as a: Answer Selected Answer: halo error Question 7 1 out of 1 points Disadvantages of the essay method include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: it must follow a jobspecific format. Question 8 1 out of 1 points Performance appraisals must meet legal requirements because: Answer Selected Answer: they are used as a basis for HRM actions and decisions Question 9 0 out of 1 points Requirements for successful MBO programs include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: a specific time must be set when goals are to be reviewed and evaluated. Question 10 1 out of 1 points Appraisal training for raters should focus on: Answer Selected Answer: eliminating subjective errors Question 1 1 out of 1 points Positive discipline is different from progressive discipline in that it is based on a â€Å"problem-solving† approach to discipline. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 2 0 out of 1 points Decision-making leave is typically paid leave, and eliminates the negative effects of loss of pay. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 3 1 out of 1 points In order to be effective, employee discipline must take place as soon as possible after the problem is verified. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 4 1 out of 1 points One of the goals of discipline is that it should be seen as training that molds and strengthens the desirable conduct – or corrects undesirable conduct – and develops self-control. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 5 1 out of 1 points It is important when applying either progressive or positive discipline, to maintain complete records of each step of the procedure. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 6 1 out of 1 points One of the major reasons for investigative interviews is to establish the facts surrounding an employee’s offense. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 7 0 out of 1 points Documentation of employee misconduct includes stating the improvement expected by the employer. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 8 1 out of 1 points Progressive discipline results from using positive reinforcement instead of punishment. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 9 1 out of 1 points A major responsibility of the HR department is to develop, and to have top management approve, its disciplinary policies and procedures. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 10 1 out of 1 points Management’s failure to communicate rules to employees is one of the major reasons for reversing disciplinary action. Answer Selected Answer: True How to cite Hrm 352, Essay examples

Wild Squid Essay Example For Students

Wild Squid Essay Squid are wild and wonderful. They are believed to be remarkablyintelligent because of their apparently complex communication system. They include the Vampire Squid, and the elusive and mysterious Giant Squid. I researched the Giant Squid which is the biggest animals in the sea. The giant squid lives in most of the world`s oceans and is among the biggest animals in the sea but it is rarely seen. It hunts smaller sea creatures butlarger animals feed on it. It has inspired fantastic tales but the facts are even more fascinating than the ficiton. For over 2,000 years the giant squid has inspired fear, fascination, and fantastis stories. Encounters with this huge invertebrate have alwaysbeen rare and distant. And only recently has there been scientific evidence to dispute the legends. Centuries ago, people invented explanations for what their astonished eyes saw. In 1500`s, when several large unfamiliar sea creatures were stranded inNorway, people decided they were ?gMermen?h. A merman is a giant squid. Until the 1880`s , the giant squid was thought to be a legend. But in 1888, a giant squid 57 feetlong washed ashore on a New Zealand beach. It had tentacles 35 feet long, and its eyes were each larger than a dinner plate. (It is amazing!) One captured sperm whaleregurgitated two 42 foot long tentacles in an aquarium, meaning the squid they came from was roughly 66 feet long, and weighed 85,000 pounds. Scientists do not know exactly where in the sea it lives, they have not been to study it alive. The giant squid can be up to 18m (59 ft), and their weight can be up to 900kg (1980lb,nearly 1ton). In addition, They were caught everywhere in the world, especially in the North of Atlantic. Scientists suspect giant squid live mostly at depth of 200 to 700,One of the giant squid found stranded on U.S. shores where in Washed ashore on Plum Island, Massachusetts, in 1980. It was the only third giant squid that they found stranded in U.S. shores. The total of specimen was 2.7m ( 9 ft) and theweight was 200 kg (440 lb).The giant squid eat mainly fishes and other squids, basedon scientific analysis of the stomach contents of two giant specimens. Giant, menacing sea monsters have been written about for centuries. Sailors have told fantastic stories of being attacked by monsters with enormous flailing tentacles and huge, black menacing eyes . These stories probably originated from sightings of the largest marine invertebrate which is the giant squid. The giantsquid have the ability to jet propel themselves through the water at 20 miles per hour, faster than most sailing ships of the past. As squid can also launch itself out of the water while moving at high speed , appearing to fly, which would be pretty unnerving to superstitious sailors on a whaling ship. In recently, a scientific expedition was launched to search the deepestoceans of the world for the elusive giant squid. Deep water manned and unmanned submarines will be used to try to find out more about the huge invertebrates. Perhaps there are still many things that we don?ft know about the squid, but the mystery of the sea monsters will soon be solved. Science Essays

IT security and Control

According to Hawker (151), IT Security and Control include physical, logical and administrative measures organizations put in place to ensure data integrity, confidentiality, and availability to authorized users. Information system avail data to authorized users through validation and verification procedures. In addition, data integrity standards should be enforced when data is being transmitted to prevent it from unauthorized access, intentional or accidental modifications, or malicious damage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on IT security and Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comprehensive approaches subject organizations’ information systems to regular security checks in addition to system audits (Peltier 2). Regular system audits ensure that responsible organizational managers are able to track users and establish any potential sources of malicious attacks or unauthorized access. These measures ar e implemented within and outside organizational boundaries. Organizations benefit from IT Security and Controls by integrating and aligning them to organizational goals and objectives. Peltier (1) argues that organizations have defined standards, policies, and procedures for implementing security measures and controls to prevent data loss or damage. Information can be sold or mined to enable radical decisions to be made. Peltier (2) argues that users should form informed decisions on system usage when login sessions commence and should be made aware that they are being monitored. Peltier (11) asserts that security and control measures such as firewalls implemented at different levels, risk analysis, encryption of data using different techniques, e-mail and other communication policies ensure that organizational information is kept confidential and made available to the intended parties. Firewalls filter outgoing and incoming data to ensure no corrupt data, or malicious software or c omputer programs accesses an organization’s information system. Organizations impose administrative controls on data, which is a valued asset, at different levels to ensure accountability and responsibility for system users. This may include passwords verifications and access rights’ mechanisms. Data integrity is maintained organization-wise.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Logical controls ensure firewall protection for outbound and inbound data. An organization may not be at risk of loosing sensitive information to the outside when software is installed to control access to information in addition to implementation of access privileges to system users. Organizations benefit from the use of physical controls by enforcing policies such as the use of cameras and clear definition of duties. Thus organizational activities are monitored to avoid potential incidents and threats to d ata corruption, espionage, and damage. Information is a valuable asset to any organization. It should be managed well. Gertz, Guldentops, and Strous (27) asserts that the movement of traffic in both directions enables a system performance evaluator to determine the vulnerability of system components and controls. Such performance measures can also be evaluated against the policies and objectives of an organization. Deviations from established benchmarks determine the degree to which performance of the information security controls are effective (Gertz, Guldentops, and Strous 57). Other measures include the use of software tools to evaluate performance standards of networked computer systems in addition to conducting tests to evaluate effectiveness of system security. A performance evaluation plan is developed by an organization and tests conducted against benchmarks to identify security loop holes. Information security and controls should be embedded in an organization’s cult ure at personal and organizational levels. Tests should be consistent with organizational, management security control goals, and objectives (Gallegos, Senft, Manson, Daniel and Gonzales, 124). References Gallegos, F., Senft, S., Manson, D P., Gonzales, C 2004. Technology Control and Audit (2nd ed.). Auerbach Publications.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on IT security and Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gertz, M., Guldentops, E., Strous, L 2001. Integrity, Internal Control and Security in Information Systems: Connecting Governance and Technology Web. Hawker, A 2000. Security and Control in Information Systems: A Guide for Business and Accounting Web. This essay on IT security and Control was written and submitted by user Laylah Reilly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reactive attachment disorder Essays

Reactive attachment disorder Essays Reactive attachment disorder Essay Reactive attachment disorder Essay Can the manner we act and the things we say truly affect kids? Undoubtedly. My youngest sister, now 21 old ages of age, has attachment upset. She is the 3rd of five kids. Her parents neer did acquire along. Even when she was merely a foetus, she could hear their changeless combat. She was besides cognizant of the physical maltreatment her female parent suffered from while pregnant. We will get down the narrative with her female parent s other gestations and how they differed from this one. Then we will turn our focal point on to Daisy. She was a beautiful miss, but someway along the manner, she got lost. No 1 of all time suspected she may hold a mental upset. They all thought she was merely a bad kid and moving out so she could acquire her manner. And with parents that tended to be closed minded, how could they have of all time known that alternatively of handling her like she was bad, they should hold alternatively acquire her some aid. We will be discoursing her narrative in great item, indentify her mental upset, and supply options for intervention. ( *Names have been changed to protect persons in this narrative ) What causes it? From the minute of construct everything you, do state, and even believe can consequence the development of your kid. Stressed female parents produce an copiousness of emphasis endocrines called catecholamine they cross the placenta and scare the developing nervous system. If it happens excessively many times the foetus gets used to experiencing inveterate stressed. His system will larn to be prepared to overreact to any stimulations. Babies who are born with overcharged and perchance disturbed nervous systems show more emotional perturbations. One manner to guarantee that your kid will be born normal is by making and keeping a safe environment for yourself. Some psychological jobs develop when 1 has had an emotionally opprobrious childhood. Few people realize that this starts from the minute of construct. During the female parent s 3rd trimester when the foetus is about 7 months his nervous system starts to develop. His ears are already developed so he can hear everything traveling o n around you. Different noise is said to bring forth different responses. While Mozart is said to bring forth the most activity of the foetus, angry and loud shouting is said to do the babe to go disquieted. Besides if a female parent is stressed out more frequently than is normal, during her gestation, the babe will endure because of it ; particularly with bonding and organizing emotional fond regard to anyone. Besides if the female parent has negative ideas while pregnant because it is an unwanted gestation the kid could be born with problem developing emotional bonds. ( 7 Ways to Bond with, 2006 ) The same is true for a babe whose basic demands are non met. If a babe is shouting because it is hungry and no one feeds him so that babe will larn to believe that the universe is an insecure topographic point and that it can non swear anyone. The first three old ages are the most of import when seeking to develop a healthy emotional bond, and if the kid is moved from place to place or has been taken off from their primary health professional it will do things harder for the kid, doing them to steal further and further along in their emotional development. If they are left in the attention of person who is nt cognizant of their troubled yesteryear, or a non apprehension health professional, things can acquire much worse and the kid could develop what is called Reactive Attachment Disorder. Julie was merely 16 old ages old when she got pregnant with her first kid. For the first 3 months she was in denial about it but her female parent started to detect that she was get downing to demo. She kept it secret for 2 more months and so told her parents that she was pregnant. They sent her to a place for unwed female parents. She hoped and prayed and was finally able to come back place and her parents who became really supportive decided to follow the babe because Julie was excessively immature to care for the kid on her ain. Two old ages subsequently Julie met Daniel. The y fell in love and got married. Then Julie got pregnant with her 2nd kid. It was a really happy gestation. Both Julie and Daniel were both really dying for their small one to get. Daniel was so aroused to be a new male parent. He even would even kip with their babe on his thorax every dark to guarantee that she was still take a breathing. Then one twenty-four hours Daniel had to travel to the exigency room because of a personal job. The physicians told him that surgery may be necessary and it could perchance do him unfertile. So they planned and had another small babe miss. They would finally come to hold two more kids. The last was a healthy babe male child. But before the male child she got pregnant with another babe miss, Daisy. Julie and Daniel had been holding soldierly jobs, chiefly because Daniel had become a heavy drinker and would physically mistreat Julie. When she found out she was pregnant she became really scared. He threatened and abused Julie during her whole gestatio n. Bing abused during gestation can do a low birth rate. Daisy weighed merely 5lbs at birth. From the clip she was born and for the first 10 old ages of her life Daisy s parents would divide up multiple times. She and her female parent and siblings would travel in and out of her place 3 times before her female parent eventually left her household for good. She was left with her male parent who she did nt cognize really good and was merely able to see her female parent possibly one time a twelvemonth. Her male parent would utilize the kids against her female parent and say bad things about her female parent. Then when Daisy was 11 old ages old her male parent met a adult female and got remarried. This adult female was much younger than her male parent and besides had no kids of her ain. She treated all of the other kids nicely. But she was really average to Daisy. Possibly because Daisy was a batch like her female parent and the adult female did nt like that. Daisy s step-mother was nt cognizant of Daisy s troubled yesteryear and would do affairs worse. Because of all of the injury that Daisy had been sing her whole life, she had developed Reactive Attachment Disorder. DSM-IV 313.89: Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early on Childhood Get downing before age 5 and happening in most state of affairss, the patient s societal relatedness is markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate. This is shown by either of: Inhibitions. In most societal state of affairss, the kid does nt interact in a socially appropriate manner. This is shown by responses that are overly inhibited, hyper vigilant or ambivalent and contradictory. For illustration, the kid responds to health professionals with frozen wakefulness or assorted approach-avoidance and opposition to comforting. Disinhibitions. The kid s fond regards are diffuse, as shown by indiscriminate sociableness with inability to organize appropriate selective fond regards. For illustration, the kid is excessively familiar with aliens or deficiencies selectivity in taking attachment figures. This behaviour is non explained entirely by a developmental hold ( such as Mental Retardation ) and it does non carry through standards for Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Evidence of relentless infective attention is shown by one or more of: The health professional neglects the kid s basic emotional demands for fondness, comfort and stimulation. The health professional neglects the kid s basic physical demands. Stable fond regards can non organize because of perennial alterations of health professional ( such as frequent alterations of Foster attention ) . It appears that the infective attention merely described has caused the disturbed behaviour ( for illustration, the behaviour began after the infective behaviour ) . Specify type, based on prevailing clinical presentation: Inhibited Type. Failure to interact predominates. Disinhibited Type. Indiscriminate sociableness predominant ( American Psychiatric Association, 2000 ) Daisy was really stand offish towards her stepmother and male parent. She would frequently be really friendly to aliens even when she was a adolescent she still acted like she was a younger kid and sit on anyone s lap and she would seek to acquire clinchs and fondness from anyone she met. Her stepmother would penalize her for this behaviour. She would penalize Daisy for the slightest things, even things that her siblings were able to make and non acquire in problem for. Her stepmother would nt allow her drama with the other kids and would do her sit or stand in clip out for sometimes hours at a clip. She kept Daisy isolated, even at repast clip she would do Daisy base in the corner while her siblings Ate, and so one time they were done Daisy would acquire to eat. Daisy besides had a bedwetting job. Her parents merely thought that she was excessively lazy to acquire out of bed to travel to the public toilet at dark. They did nt cognize that Daisy was really reacting to the emotional i njury she had been through. They made her feel ashamed and like she was a bad individual. I even retrieve one clip after an awards ceremonial at school ; all of the childs were demoing off their awards to their stepmother. Daisy had received an cognizant for good behaviour and alternatively of being supportive her stepmother s exact words were. You got an award? They must hold merely been giving them off. I myself was shocked and could nt see how she could be so ill-mannered to a kid. Her stepmother s behaviour neer changed. When she was 16 old ages old Daisy called CPS who investigated her stepmother, who manipulated her into believing that Daisy was a bad kid. Daisy eventually ran off from place, to her grandparents. I visited her from clip to clip and since she had a small freedom to be a kid, Daisy started to smile. But you could still see the injury she had suffered in her looks. She is now 21 old ages old and has already had one kid taken off from her because of drug usage a nd is now pregnant with a small male child. Her and her hubby are in guidance and are clean and are seeking to acquire their first kid back. I unfeignedly hope that she is able to have the aid she so urgently needs so that she does nt reiterate the things that have been done to her. Treatment The most of import portion of world is our capacity to organize and keep relationships. Relationships are necessary for any of us to last, larn, work, love, and procreate. Human relationships take many signifiers but the 1s with the most impact on us are the 1s formed with our household and friends whether enjoyable or non. Within this circle of intimate relationships we are bonded to each other with emotional gum -bonded with love. Each individual s ability to organize and keep relationships utilizing this emotional gum is different. Some people seem of course able to love. Other people are non so luck and happen small pleasance in acquiring near to others. In utmost instances a individual may hold no integral emotional bond to any other individual. They are self absorbed, distant, or may even show authoritative neuropsychiatric marks of being schizophrenic or autistic. Empathy, lovingness, sharing, suppression of aggression, capacity to love, and a host of other features of a healthy, happy, and productive individual are related to the nucleus fond regard capablenesss which are formed in babyhood and early childhood. Responsive grownups, such as parents, instructors, and other health professionals make all the difference in the lives of abused kids. Below are merely a few different ways you can assist a kid who has been maltreated. Raising these kids. They need to be held, rocked, and cuddled. Be physical, lovingness, and loving to kids with fond regard jobs. Be cognizant that for many of these kids, touch in the yesteryear has been associated with hurting, anguish, or sexual maltreatment. In these instances, make certain you carefully supervise how they respond be attuned to their responses to your nurturing and act consequently. In many ways, you are supplying replacing experiences that should hold taken topographic point during their babyhood but you are making this when their encephalons are harder to modify and alter. Therefore, they will necessitate even more bonding experiences to assist them to develop fond regards. Try to understand the behaviours before penalty or effects. The more you can larn about fond regard jobs, adhering, normal development, and unnatural development, the more you will be able to develop utile behavioural and societal intercessions. Information about these jobs can forestall you from misconstruing the kid s behaviours. When these kids hoard nutrient, for illustration, it should non be viewed as stealing but as a common and predictable consequence of being deprived of nutrient during early childhood. A punitory attack to this job ( and many others ) will non assist the kid mature. Alternatively, penalty may really increase the kid s sense of insecurity, hurt, and need to stash nutrient. So many times these kids s behaviours are confounding and upseting to grownups. You can acquire aid from professionals if you find yourself fighting to make or implement a practical and utile attack to these jobs. Interact with these kids based on emotional age. Abused and neglected kids will frequently be emotionally and socially delayed. And whenever they are frustrated or fearful, they will regress. This means that, at any given minute, a ten-year old kid may emotionally be a biennial old. Despite our wants that they would move their age and our insisting to make so, they are non capable of that. These are the times that we must interact with them at their emotional degree. If they are tearful, defeated, or overwhelmed ( emotionally age two ) , handle them as if they were that age. Use comforting non-verbal interactions. Keep them. Rock them. Singing softly. This is non the clip to utilize complex verbal statements about the effects of inappropriate behaviour. Be consistent, predictable and insistent. Maltreated kids with fond regard jobs are really sensitive to alterations in agenda, passages, surprises, helter-skelter societal state of affairss, and, in general, any new state of affairs. Busy and alone societal state of affairss will overpower them, even if they are pleasant! Birthday parties, sleepovers, vacations, household trips, the start of the school twelvemonth, and the terminal of the school twelvemonth all can be disorganising for these kids. Because of this, any attempts that can be made to be consistent, predictable, and repetitive will be really of import in doing abused kids feel safe and secure. When they feel safe, they can profit from the nurturing and enriching emotional and societal experiences you provide them. If they are dying and fearful, they can non profit from your nurturing in the same ways. Model and learn appropriate societal behaviours. Many abused and ignored kids do non cognize how to interact with other people. One of the best ways to learn them is to pattern this in your ain behaviours, and so narrate for the kid what you are making and why. Become a play-by-play announcer: I am traveling to the sink to rinse my custodies before dinner becauseaˆÂ ¦ or I take the soap and set it on my custodies like thisaˆÂ ¦ . Children see, hear, and imitate. In add-on to mold, you can train abused kids as they play with other kids. Use a similar play-by-play attack: Well, when you take that from person, they likely feel reasonably upset ; so if you want them to hold merriment when you play this game, so you should tryaˆÂ ¦ By more efficaciously playing with other kids, they will develop some improved self-esteem and assurance. Over clip, success with other kids will do the kid less socially awkward and aggressive. Maltreated kids are frequently a muss because of their delayed socialisation. If the kid is teased because of their apparels or training, it would be helpful to hold cool apparels and improved hygiene. Maltreated kids have jobs with modulating appropriate physical contact. They do nt cognize when to embrace, how near to stand, when to set up or interrupt oculus contact, what are appropriate contexts to pass over their olfactory organ, touch their genitalias, or make other preparing behaviours. Ironically, kids with fond regard jobs will frequently originate physical contact ( hugs, keeping custodies, creeping into laps ) with aliens. Adults misinterpret this as fond behaviour. It is non. It is best understood as invocation behaviour, and it is socially inappropriate. How adults manage this inappropriate physical contact is really of import. We should non decline to embrace the kid and talk them about appropriate behaviour. We can gently steer the kid on how to interact otherwise with adults and other kids ( Why do nt you sit over here? ) . It is of import to do these lessons clear utilizing as few words as possible. They do non hold to be directing rely on gestural cues. It is every bit of import to explicate in a manner that does non do the kid experience bad or guilty. Listen to and speak with these kids. One of the most helpful things to make is merely stop, sit, listen, and drama with these kids. When you are quiet and synergistic with them, you will frequently happen that they will get down to demo you and state you about what is truly inside them. Yet every bit simple as this sounds, one of the most hard things for grownups to make is to halt, discontinue worrying about the clip or your following undertaking, and truly loosen up into the minute with a kid. Practice this. You will be amazed at the consequences. These kids will feel that you are at that place merely for them, and they will experience how you care for them. It is during these minutes that you can outdo range and learn these kids. This is a great clip to get down learning kids about their different feelings. Regardless of the activity, the undermentioned rules are of import to include: ( 1 ) All feelings are all right to experience sad, sword lily, or mad ( more emotions for older kids ) ; ( 2 ) Teach the kid healthy ways to move when sad, glad, or mad ; ( 3 ) Get down to research how other people may experience and how they show their feelings How make you believe Bobby feels when you push him? ( 4 ) When you sense that the kid is clearly happy, sad, or mad, inquire them how they are experiencing. Help them get down to set words and labels to these feelings. Have realistic outlooks of these kids. Abused and neglected kids have so much to get the better of. And, for some, they will non get the better of all of their jobs. For a Rumanian orphan adopted at age five after passing her early old ages without any emotional nurturing, the outlooks should be limited. She was robbed of some, but non all, of her possible. We do non cognize how to foretell possible in a vacuity, but we do cognize how to mensurate the emotional, behavioural, societal, and physical strengths and failings of a kid. A comprehensive rating by skilled clinicians can be really helpful in get downing to specify the skill countries of a kid, every bit good as the countries where advancement will be slower. Be patient with the kid s advancement and with yourself. Progress will be slow. The slow advancement can be frustrating, and many grownups, particularly adoptive parents, will experience unequal because all of the love, clip, and attempt they spend with their kid may non look to be holding any consequence. But it does. Make nt be difficult on yourself. Many loving, skilled, and competent parents and instructors have been swamped by the demands of a ignored and abused kid. Take attention of yourself. For parents and other grownups, caring for abused kids can be wash uping and corrupting. Adults can non supply the consistent, predictable, enriching, and fostering attention these kids need if they are depleted ; it is of import to acquire remainder and support. Respite attention can be important for parents, who should besides trust on friends, household, and community resources. * ( Dr. Bruce D. Perry, 2011 )

Classic Theology vs. The Contemporary Case Study

Classic Theology vs. The Contemporary - Case Study Example His judgment of people is conditioned on his â€Å"changeless purpose concerning sin and conversion.   The scriptural embodiment of the doctrine of immutability is probably captured best in 1 Samuel 15:29 (RSV) where it is written, â€Å"And also the Glory of Israel will not lie or repent; for he is not a man, that he should repent.† The scriptural basis of the doctrine of Immutability is fully developed with numerous citations and succinct specificity to unchangeableness that enlightens the doctrine. Scriptures offer confirmation that God is not mortal with the qualities of lying or a changeableness of mind (Numbers 23:19; 1 Samuel 15:29). There is a timelessness, unchanging quality to God in a time-dependent, changing world (Psalm 102:26). The promises of God are of an eternal nature not capriciously offered to people (Psalm 110:4; Isaiah 31:2). His steadfastness is apparent in his constancy of presence and love (Isaiah 40:28). The final book of the English Old Testament rings with the words of Malachi in Chapter 3, verse 6 (RSV), â€Å"For I the LORD do not change; therefore you, O sons of Jacob, are not consumed.† The New Testament has few direct citations regarding changeableness. God’s unchangeable nature is restated for these readers in a new context (Hebrews 1:11; 7:21). While scripture offers examples that can be interpreted to show a disparity in whether God has a changeable nature, the major points of consideration would be that the New Testament offers no distinct contradiction to the attribute of God’s unchangeableness. A modern reformulation of the classic doctrine of immutability has been penned by James Packer. God is simple (that is, totally integrated), perfect and immutable. These words affirm that he is wholly and entirely involved in everything that he is and does and that his nature, goals, and ways of acting do not change, either for the better (being perfect, he cannot become better) or for the worse. His i mmutability is not the changelessness of an eternally frozen pose, but the moral consistency that holds him to his own principles of action and leads him to deal differently with those who change their own behavior towards him. †¢ Would you agree more with Vanhoozer or Nygren on this issue? Why? No, They state, â€Å"†¦from Plato, Aristotle, and the subsequent Hellenistic tradition, the church arrived at the notion that God was altogether unmoved, impassible, immutable, nontemporal and purely actual.† Open theists uniformly teach that the church fathers were so influenced by Greek philosophy when they formulated their theology, that the church’s historical and theological understanding of God reflects a more philosophical understanding than a biblical one. Carl Henry rightfully noted, â€Å"It is true that medieval theologians were aware of the teaching of certain Greek philosophers in discussing God’s immutability.

Aortic Valve Replacement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Aortic Valve Replacement - Essay Example A., Sauaia, A., Moore, E. E., Haenel, J. B., Burch, J. M., and Lezotte, D. C., 1996) involving multiprofessional medical- nursing work of care (Lederer, J. A., Rodrick, M. L., Mannick, J. A., 1999). As I reflect, I can now arrange the events that were relevant to this patient. On the first admission of the patient from theater to intensive therapy unit, the patient was placed on pressure-control ventilation with 100% oxygen with a PEEP of 10, rate of 12, tidal volume 500, and pressure support of 10. On estimation at that time, arterial blood gas was initially on pH 7.13, pCO2 of 7.0, pO2 of 21.4 with a base excess of -10. SpO2 was 99.8 and bicarbonate 16.9. Lactate was18. The patients in the intensive therapy unit constitute an extremely heterogeneous population in terms of admission diagnosis, co-morbidities, age, race, sex, and socioeconomic conditions, but one feature is common to almost all of them, cardiopulmonary dysfunction (Kelly, J. L. et al., 1997). During my shift hours, I could easily sense that the environment of ITU. It provided highly integrated and coordinated care with many novel machines and minute-to-minute therapy and observation. This posting in the ITU could improve my understanding of the physiology of such patients in that, I could observe the changes in the patient's parameters in real time. I could see the changes in central venous pressure with a change in rate of fluid therapy (Stone, P.W, and Gershon, R.R.M., 2006). I observed changes in blood gases when the oxygen concentration and ventilation settings were changed. I could detect when pharmacotherapeutic interventions would fail to produce intended changes in the cardiac output studies. In short, this...Journal of Trauma; 42: pp. 532-536. Fan, J., Marshall, J. C., Jimenez, M., Shek, P. N., Zagorski, J., and Rotstein, O. D., (1998). Hemorrhagic Shock Primes For Increased Expression Of Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant In The Lung: Role In Pulmonary Inflammation Following Lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Immunology; 161, pp. 440-447. Gadek, J.E., DeMichele, S.J., Karlstad, M.D., et al., (1999). Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Enteral Nutrition in ARDS Study Group. Critical Care Medicine; 27: pp. 1409-1420. Gibbs, C.R., Davies, M.K., and Lip, G.Y.H., (2000). ABC Of Heart Failure: Management: Digoxin And Other Inotropes, Blockers, And Antiarrhythmic And Antithrombotic Treatment. British Medical Journal; 320: 495. Inman, K.J., Sibbald,W.J., Rutledge,F.S., Speechley,M., Martin,C.M., and Clark, B.J., (1993). Does Implementing Pulse Oximetry In A Critical Care Unit Result In Substantial Arterial Blood Gas Savings Chest; 104: 542. Kelly, J. L., O'Sullivan, C., O'Riordain, M., O'Riordain, D., Lyons, A., Doherty, J., Mannick, J. A., and Rodrick, M. L., (1997). Is Circulating Endotoxin The Trigger For The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Seen After Injury Annals of Surgery; 225, pp. 530-541. Lu, Z.

Conveyance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conveyance - Essay Example Normally the contract is conditional upon matters such as the sellers being able, before completion of the transaction, to prove that they have good title to the property and to exhibit clear searches from the property registers and the local authority. The system of conveyancing is designed to ensure that the buyer gets the land together with all the rights that go with it, i.e. title deed to the land and also by knowing about any restrictions in advance. A typical conveyancing transaction, whether a sale or purchase, contains two major 'landmarks', which are exchange of contracts and completion, plus the three stages: before contract, before completion and after completion. Under English law agreements are not legally binding until contracts are exchanged. This mainly involves a normal practice where the buyer negotiate an agreed price with the seller then organize a survey and have the solicitor (or conveyancer) carry out their searches and prepare the contract, which are signed by the parties. Similarly, deeds are done in writing and the signature of the party or parties making the deed must be witnessed. All conveyances, transfers, leases, mortgages and legal charges must be deeds. Thus, notwithstanding the growing use of electronic communication at all the other stages of a conveyancing transaction; the two key stages of making the contract and completion must be achieved by using paper documents. The process takes an average 10-12 weeks to get the deeds to the property, and during this period either party can pull out at any time. This gives rise to a risk of gazumping. The position in Scotland under Scots law is that the contract is generally con cluded at a much earlier stage, and the initial offer, once accepted by the seller, is legally binding. Bebchuk, Lucian A., and Mark J. Roe, (1999) In United States The conveyancing process in the U.S. varies from state to state depending on local legal requirements and historical practice. Edwin.T, Freedley (1858). In most situations, three attorneys will be involved in the process each representing the buyer, seller, and mortgage holder; frequently all three will sit around a table with the buyer and seller and literally "pass papers" to effect the transaction. (Some states do not require all parties to be present simultaneously.) In order to protect themselves from defects in the title, buyers will frequently purchase title insurance at this time, either for themselves or for their lender. In most states, a prospective buyer's offer to purchase is made in the form of a written contract and bound with a deposit on the purchase price. The offer will set out conditions (such as appraisal, title clearance, inspection, occupancy, and financing) under which the buyer may withdraw the offer without forfeiting the deposit. Once the conditions have be en met (or waived), the buyer has "equitable title" and conveyancing proceeds or may be compelled by court order. There may be other last-minute conditions to closing, such as "broom clean" premises, evictions, and repairs. Typical papers at conveyancing include: deed(s), certified checks, promissory note, mortgage, certificate of liens, pro rata property taxes, title insurance binder, and fire insurance binder. There may also be side agreements (e.g., holdover tenants, delivery contracts, payment

Why do people play computer games

Why do people play computer games Video and computer games, like many popular, entertaining and addicting kid activities are looked down upon by many parents as time-wasters, and worse, parents think that these games rot the brain. Also, the media and some experts readily blame violent video games as the reason why some youth become violent or commit extreme anti-social behavior. But many scientists and psychologists find that video games actually have many benefits. Video games may actually teach kids high-level thinking skill that they will need in the future. Video games give your childs brain real workout. In many video games, the skills required to win involve abstract and high level thinking. These skills are not even taught at the school. Some of the mental skills trained by video games include hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skill. In shooting games, the character may be running and shooting at the same time. This requires the real-world player to keep track of the position of the character, where he/she is heading, their speed, where the gun is aiming, if the gunfire is hitting the enemy, and so on. All these factors need to be taken into account, and then the player must then coordinate the brains interpretation and reaction with the movement in their hands and fingertips. This process requires a great deal of eye-hand coordination and visual-spatial ability to be successful. Researches also suggest that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. There have been even studies with a dults showing that experience with video games is related to better surgical skills. Also, a reason given by the experts as to why fighter pilots of today are more skillful is that the generations pilots are being weaned on video games. Sometimes the player does this almost every second of the game giving the brain real workout. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real-world situations. The study suggests that playing action video games primes the brain to make quick decisions. Video games can be used to train soldiers and surgeons, according to the study. It can test your hypothesis and Inductive reasoning based to James Paul Gee, Professor of education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, he said that playing video games is similar to working through a science problem. Like students in a laboratory, gamers must come up with the hypothesis. For example, players in some games constantly try out combinations of weapons and powers to use to defeat an enemy. If one does not work, they change hypothesis and try the next one. Video games are goal-driven experiences, says Gee, which are fundamental to learning. Simulation, real world skills. The most well known simulations are flight simulators, which attempt to mimic the reality of flying a plane. All the controls, including airspeed, wing angles, altimeter, and so on, are displayed for the player, as well as a visual representation of the world, and are updated in real time. Video games introduce your kid to computer technology and the online world. You should recognize that we are now living in a high-tech, sophisticated world. Video games make your kid adapt and be comfortable with the concepts of computing. This is particularly important for girls who typically are not interested in high technology as much as boys. Video games allow you and your kid to play together and can be a good bonding activity. Some games are attractive to kids as well as adults, and they could be something that they share in common. When your child knows more than you, he can teach you how to play and this allows you to understand your childs skills and talents. Finally, and this is controversial, violent video games may act as a release of pent-up aggression and frustration of your kid. When your kid vents his frustration and anger in his game, this diffuses his stress. Games can provide a positive aggression outlet the same way as football and other violent sports. Video games also can teach important skills or address serious issues, Organizations such as Games for Change promote the use of games for education and social action, and often involve kids in the creation of games they can use to express themselves on important issues and current events. Some medical professionals, such as Doctor Kourosh Dini, also feel that age appropriate multi-player video games can allow children to learn how other people think. A key aspect of empathy. Games can also help a child become more comfortable with new and ever progressing technology. Recent studies have shown that video games can have a positive or negative effect on how players behave. Depending on the content. Pro social games can increase empathy, co-operation, helping and emotional awareness, while violent games can diminish these traits. Video games are not all violent, but most of them are, and many of them are pretty gruesome. It has been estimated that up to 89% of games contain some violent content. People are concerned that violent games might be causing young people to become violent and there is some evidence to support this. Studies have shown that violent games can increase physiological arousal, increase aggressiveness thoughts and emotions, increase aggressive behavior, and reduce helping behavior (where people become less likely to help other). These effects seem to be stronger in young people who already tend to be aggressive. It has been argued that more hostile or aggressive young people will be attracted to violent games, and that it is not the games causing the problem. However, even taking into account the persons hostility, it is clear that exposure to violent games causes increased aggressive behavior (as indicated by things like the degree to which they get into physical fights or argue with teachers). Desensitization to violence has been suggested as part of the problem. Desensitization is when someone gradually begins to feel that violence is normal. When games reward players for doing violent actions, it is easy to see how this could happen. For most teens, playing video games is just another recreational activity they enjoy with friends. The concern is when video game playing becomes an addictive or isolating activity. According to a Harris Interactive poll released in January of 2007, 23% of gamers surveyed reported that they felt addicted to video games. Some teens are heavy users of only role-playing games (RPGs) such as World of Warcraft and multiplayer games such as Call of Duty in which they interact with other players in real time. Students will often neglect schoolwork and other aspects of their daily lives when they become immersed in these games. While it remains unclear whether this can be termed an addiction, the American Medical Association has identified video game overuse as a behavior, and may include it in a future edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Children who are heavy users of video games may also be getting less exercise and develop poor eating habits. Make sure that your teen is getting outside and not snacking too much on unhealthy foods while gaming. If you are concerned about the amount of your time your teen is spending on video games, keep in mind that it is normal for young people to throw themselves enthusiastically into hobbies. Consider the effect your teens gaming is having on his or her life. People can become addicted to games. Young gamers have shown similar symptoms to people who have drug or alcohol dependence. An ability to stop playing, and withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, agitation) if they go without access to their gaming fix. Gamers also report that they play games to escape things like family or personal problems. In a similar way to people who use drugs or alcohol to escape their problems. There have been reports of adults that play so much they neglect their families. There are even support groups for family members of people with an addiction to one game in particular. Computer gaming is much maligned at times for the level of violence in some games and for the amount of time that is claims that could be put to more productive uses. Some advantages of gaming are that it has educational applications, increase visual processing of information and teaches problem solving skills. Violence in games has an unquestionable negative effect on players, making them more likely to be violent themselves, according to Craig Anderson of the American Psychological Association. He points out that experiments in the lab and in the field, and longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have all shown this to be true. The interactive nature of the games makes them more influential in teaching violence that more passive media like television or books. Time spent in front of the computer has increased fir kids 8 to 18, and media use now stands at an average of 7.5 hours per day, taking into account computers, televisions and other media, as reported in a study by the Kaiser Foundation. Much of the time is spent multitasking or combining TV and video games, for example. Half surveyed said they had a computer game console of their own on their room. In addition time spent reading has decreased. Games have educational uses, for example, teaching economic skills like negotiating and purchasing strategies, and are used in college level economics courses to do so. For example, many games allow players to accumulate points or money and then purchase things that will advance their interest in the game. These features simulate markets, and in fact can become commodities outside the game. Gaming teaches problem solving skills. Players are given a set of rules to follow and must figure out the best strategy for achieving the goals set in the gaming context. If the game has multiple players or teams, the problem solving is done in a social context, which teaches people to communicate and cooperate. Computer game addiction generally refers to an excessive, unhealthy amount of playing computer games. Rather than engaging in the real world, an addicted user devotes the majority of his or her time to gaming. The addicted gamer often isolate him/herself from others, ignores more important responsibilities, and is often obsessed with obtaining higher status/rankings/achievements in his/her favorite computer game. According to the DSM-IV (the current manual for classifying emotional, psychological, and mental disorders), No. Although there have been calls from some mental health professionals and parents to recognize computer game addiction as a real disorder, it has not been granted official diagnostic status. As more research on the effects of excessive gaming is conducted, many believe that it is only a matter of time before computer game addiction is classified as a compulsive behavior similar to gambling addiction. Because there is no official diagnosis of computer game addiction, there is obviously no universally agreed upon list of symptoms. Psychologists and other mental health professionals initially adapted the diagnostic criteria for gambling addiction and used this as a rough assessment tool for computer game addiction. This classification approach is rarely used today and for better or for worse, it is essentially up to the individual researcher or clinician to define the symptoms of computer addiction. Depending on the research methodology and the definition of computer addiction used, estimates range from 2 to 10% of all children who play video games. More accurate and consistent estimates should be possible if formal diagnostic criteria for computer game addiction are introduced. Because computer game addiction is a new development in the world of mental health, treatments are not as well established as those for depression, anxiety, anger, and etc. most interventions take a cognitive-behavioral approach, which involve changing how the addict thinks about the addiction (for example, recognizing cognitive distortions designed to convince the gamer that it is not a problem), and simultaneously changing his/her behaviors (for example, setting strict limits for play, taking care of other responsibilities before gaming, using game blocking software of devices, and etc.) treatment can take a variety of forms including: Individual therapy Individual therapy with a psychologist who specializes in treating computer game addiction or who has experience with addictions in general. Treatment is tailored to the individual player and is based on established psychological principals and interventions. Family therapy Especially if the addicted player is a child or younger teen. Computer game addiction almost always affects other family members, and the chance for recovery is increased if these members are involved in treatment and are working together toward mutually agreed upon goals. Wilderness therapy Wilderness therapy in which the addicted gamer enters an outdoor treatment program focused on survival skills, team building, goal setting, and developing self-confidence. The programs typically last at least thirty days and the participants have absolutely no access to video games and limited access to other technologies. Although somewhat similar to the symptoms of computer game addiction, the negative consequences of excessive gaming are often divided into five main categories: Social Consequences As a computer game addict spends more time gaming, he/she tends to spend less time interacting with others in person. As such, he/she may lack face-to-face human contact, experience isolation and loneliness, and the loss of friends or relationships. Academic/Career Consequences Children and teens that are addicted to computer games very often experience falling grades and decreased academic performance and dedication. Completing homework, studying for tests, and efforts during school become very low priorities. Adults who are addicted to computer games may experience a similar deterioration in work performance, job dedication, and career aspirations. Financial Consequences Adults and teens may spend large amounts of money on new games, expansion pack, micro-transaction, service fees, and computer upgrades. In extreme cases, jobs may be lost due to poor work performance, playing while at work, and frequent absences. Family Consequences Computer game addiction often leads to deterioration in family relationships. Tension and conflict between family members escalates as requests to cut back or stop are ignored. The addicted player may initially deny that a problem exists, try to hide how much he/she plays, and accuse the other of trying to control his/her life. Parents of addicted children may disagree on how to address the problem. Which may lead to frequent arguments and conflicts. Health Consequences Computer game addicts may neglect personal hygiene, have poor sleep habits, give up healthy physical activities, and may make meal decisions based on quick and easy preparation so that gaming is not interrupted rather than dietary needs. Emotional/Psychological Consequences Those addicted to computer games may experience depressed mood, low self-esteem, social anxiety, low frustration tolerance, anger, and feelings of guilt and shame for not being able to control their gaming habits. Of note, it seems likely that difficulties in other areas can cause and be caused by computer game addiction. Is computer game addiction different from video game addiction, online addiction, and Internet Addiction? Yes, because computer game addiction refers to excessively playing games on a PC. Most often these games are of the MMO (Massive Multiplayer Online) or the FPS (First Person Shooter) genre. Competing online with and against other players is a significant factor in what makes these particular genres more addictive than others. Video game addiction refers to excessive play on computer, home consoles, or handheld system. The terms Internet addiction and online addiction are occasionally used to describe computer game addiction, but more appropriately describe excessive web surfing, email checking, instant messaging, Facebook use, or downloading movies, images, or music Do you think it is okay to play computer games? Yes, most people can and do play computer games but in moderation. They play games for casual entertainment, as a way to relax, and to socialize with friends. However, there are those who are far more likely to become addicted to computer games. For these people, certain games (very often Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO)) appear to present a high risk for addiction and may need to be avoided or banned in order to prevent unhealthy gaming habits.